代码编写代码：现代元编程理论与实践导论

 import pet_sdk cats = pet_sdk.get_cats() print(f"Found {len(cats)} cats!") for cat in cats: pet_sdk.order_cat_food(cat, amount=cat.food_needed)

 # An SDK that can give us information about pets - unfortunately, the functions are slightly different for each pet import pet_sdk # Get all of the birds, cats, and dogs in the system, respectively birds = pet_sdk.get_birds() cats = pet_sdk.get_cats() dogs = pet_sdk.get_dogs() for cat in cats: print(f"Checking information for cat {cat.name}") if cat.hungry(): pet_sdk.order_cat_food(cat, amount=cat.food_needed) cat.clean_litterbox() if cat.sick(): available_vets = pet_sdk.find_vets(animal="cat") if len(available_vets) > 0: vet = available_vets[0] vet.book_cat_appointment(cat) for dog in dogs: print(f"Checking information for dog {dog.name}") if dog.hungry(): pet_sdk.order_dog_food(dog, amount=dog.food_needed) dog.walk() if dog.sick(): available_vets = pet_sdk.find_vets(animal="dog") if len(available_vets) > 0: vet = available_vets[0] vet.book_dog_appointment(dog) for bird in birds: print(f"Checking information for bird {bird.name}") if bird.hungry(): pet_sdk.order_bird_food(bird, amount=bird.food_needed) bird.clean_cage() if bird.sick(): available_vets = pet_sdk.find_birds(animal="bird") if len(available_vets) > 0: vet = available_vets[0] vet.book_bird_appointment(bird)

 import pet_sdk all_animals = pet_sdk.get_birds() + pet_sdk.get_cats() + pet_sdk.get_dogs() for animal in all_animals: # What now?

 import pet_sdk for animal in ["cat", "dog", "bird"]: animals = pet_sdk.get_{animal}s() # When animal is "cat", this # would be pet_sdk.get_cats() for animal in animal: pet_sdk.order_{animal}_food(animal, amount=animal.food_needed) # When animal is "dog" this would be # pet_sdk.order_dog_food(dog, amount=dog.food_needed)

 # An SDK that can give us information about pets - unfortunately, the functions # are slightly different import pet_sdk def process_animal(animal): if isinstance(animal, pet_sdk.Cat): animal_name_type = "cat" order_food_fn = pet_sdk.order_cat_food care_fn = animal.clean_litterbox elif isinstance(animal, pet_sdk.Dog): animal_name_type = "dog" order_food_fn = pet_sdk.order_dog_food care_fn = animal.walk elif isinstance(animal, pet_sdk.Bird): animal_name_type = "bird" order_food_fn = pet_sdk.order_bird_food care_fn = animal.clean_cage else: raise TypeError("Unrecognized animal!") print(f"Checking information for {animal_name_type} {animal.name}") if animal.hungry(): order_food_fn(animal, amount=animal.food_needed) care_fn() if animal.sick(): available_vets = pet_sdk.find_vets(animal=animal_name_type) if len(available_vets) > 0: vet = available_vets[0] # We still have to check again what type of animal it is if isinstance(animal, pet_sdk.Cat): vet.book_cat_appointment(animal) elif isinstance(animal, pet_sdk.Dog): vet.book_dog_appointment(animal) else: vet.book_bird_appointment(animal) all_animals = pet_sdk.get_birds() + pet_sdk.get_cats() + pet_sdk.get_dogs() for animal in all_animals: process_animal(animal)

 function function_that_returns_code(n) return :(x + $n) end my_code = function_that_returns_code(3) print(my_code) # Prints out (x + 3) x = 1 print(eval(my_code)) # Prints out 4 x = 3 print(eval(my_code)) # Prints out 6

 # Prints out "Hello Will", "Hello Alice", by dynamically creating the lines of code say_hi = :(println("Hello, ", name)) name = "Will" eval(say_hi) name = "Alice" eval(say_hi)

int main() { #ifdef _WIN32 printf("This section will only be compiled for and run on windows!\n"); windows_only_function(); #elif __unix__ printf("This section will only be compiled for and run on unix!\n"); unix_only_function(); #endif printf("This line runs regardless of platform!\n"); return 1; }

from pet_sdk import Cat, Dog, get_pet pet = get_pet() if isinstance(pet, Cat): pet.clean_litterbox() elif isinstance(pet, Dog): pet.walk() else: print(f"Don't know how to help a pet of type {type(pet)}")

import com.example.coordinates.*; interface Vehicle { public String getName(); public void move(double xCoord, double yCoord); } public class VehicleDriver<T extends Vehicle> { // This class is valid for any other class T which implements // the Vehicle interface private final T vehicle; public VehicleDriver(T vehicle) { System.out.println("VehicleDriver: " + vehicle.getName()); this.vehicle = vehicle; } public void goHome() { this.vehicle.move(HOME_X, HOME_Y); } public void goToStore() { this.vehicle.move(STORE_X, STORE_Y); } }

macro_rules! print_and_return_if_true { ($val_to_check: ident, $val_to_return: expr) => { if ($val_to_check) { println!("Val was true, returning {}", $val_to_return); return $val_to_return; } } } // The following is the same as if for each of x, y, and z, // we wrote if x { println!...} fn example(x: bool, y: bool, z: bool) -> i32 { print_and_return_if_true!(x, 1); print_and_return_if_true!(z, 2); print_and_return_if_true!(y, 3); }

 macro_rules! my_macro { ($n) => { let x = $n; } } fn main() { let x = 5; my_macro!(3); println!("{}", x); }

 fn main() { let x = 5; let x = 3; // This is what my_macro!(3) expanded into println!("{}", x); }

 #define EVIL_MACRO website="https://evil.com"; int main() { char *website = "https://good.com"; EVIL_MACRO send_all_my_bank_data_to(website); return 1; }

 birds = pet_sdk.get_birds() cats = pet_sdk.get_cats() dogs = pet_sdk.get_dogs() for cat in cats: # Cat specific code for dog in dogs: # Dog specific code # etc…

 {animal}s = pet_sdk.get{animal}s() for {animal} in {animal}s: # {animal} specific code

 using pet_sdk for (pet, care_fn) = (("cat", :clean_litterbox), ("dog", :walk_dog), ("dog", :clean_cage)) get_pets_fn = Meta.parse("pet_sdk.get_${pet}s") @eval begin local animals = $get_pets_fn() #pet_sdk.get_cats(), pet_sdk.get_dogs(), etc. for animal in animals animal.$care_fn # animal.clean_litterbox(), animal.walk_dog(), etc. end end end